Material and Method: The study material consisted of 20 odontogenic keratocysts, 20 radicular cysts, and 20 ameloblastomas. Immunohistochemically, bax, bcl-2 and Ki-67 were applied. The positive cells were evaluated in both neoplastic/nonneoplastic odontogenic epithelium and connective tissue cells.
Results: Ameloblastoma showed stronger bcl-2 expression than odontogenic keratocysts and radicular cysts. Bcl-2 expression in the whole thickness of epithelium and connective tissue of odontogenic keratocyst was significantly higher than radicular cyst. The expression of bax in the epithelium of radicular cyst was significantly higher than odontogenic keratocyst and ameloblastoma. The lining epithelium of odontogenic keratocyst showed stronger Ki-67 expression than ameloblastoma and radicular cyst.
Conclusion: The proliferation potential of the epithelium and the overexpression of various anti-apoptotic proteins in odontogenic epithelial tumors are quite significant for their clinical behaviour. High expressions of bcl-2 and Ki-67 in odontogenic keratocysts accord with their aggressive clinical behaviour and a high recurrence rate.
Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death or physiologic cell death, plays an important role in the development and maintenance of homeostasis within all multicellular organisms. Bcl-2 family proteins have inhibitory and stimulatory effects. Bcl-2, bcl-xL, bcl-w are anti-apoptotic members of this family whereas bax, bak, bok are pro-apoptotic members[4]. Overexpression of bcl-2 has been shown in various tumors and diseases[5]. Expression of bcl-2 protein was also reported in many stages of tooth development[6].
A number of immunohistochemical studies have explored the various proliferation markers such as p53, Ki-67, PCNA, and apoptosis markers such as bax, bcl-2 to elucidate any relationship between histological features and biological potential of odontogenic keratocysts[7]. Generally, these studies included epithelial cell examination.
In this study, the role of the apoptosis-related factors and proliferative activity both in lining epithelium of odontogenic keratocysts, radicular cysts, tumor islands of the ameloblastomas and connective tissue cells of all groups were examined.
Odontogenic keratocyst cases associated with NBCCS and orthokeratotic odontogenic keratocysts were excluded from the study.
Immunohistochemistry
For immunohistochemistry, the paraffin blocks were cut
serially into approximately 5 μm thick sections on charged
slides. They were deparaffinized with xylene and ethanol.
Histostain-Plus Bulk Kit (Zymed 2nd Generation, LABSA
Detection System, 85-9043) was used in the study.
For antigen retrieval, the sections were microwaved four
times for 5 min in citrate buffer (pH=6.0). Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked by incubating the sections
with 3% H2O2. To prevent non-specific reactions, sections
were incubated with block solution. Bax antibody at a
dilution of 1:50 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., B-9,
Mouse, Monoclonal, sc-7480), bcl-2 ready to use (Thermo
Scientific, Mouse, Monoclonal MS-123-R7) and Ki-67 at a
dilution of 1:50 (Zymed Laboratories, Mouse, Monoclonal,
Clone 7B11) were used as primary antibodies. Slides
were incubated for 120 min with Ki-67 and bax, and
overnight with bcl-2. Negative control sections treated
with phosphate-buffered antibodies were confirmed to be
unstained. The secondary antibody was reacted for 25 min.
AEC (Zymed Laboratories, 00-2007, Lot No: 319293A)
chromogen was used to visualize the reaction. Finally, the
sections were counterstained with Mayer’s haematoxylin
and evaluated by a light microscope.
Evaluation methods
The specimens were examined in Olympus BX60
microscope attached to a colour video camera (Olympus
Analysis Five). The positive-stained cells were evaluated
in the epithelium and connective tissue cells. These cells
were counted in 5 contiguous and consecutive microscopic
high-power fields in both epithelial and connective tissue
components. In the stroma, the endothelial, round and
fusiform cells were counted. The number of positive cells
was divided into the total number of cells counted in the
whole area. The result was multiplied by 100 to find the
percentage of positive cells.
All calculations were performed by the SPSS 16.0 (Statistical Package for Social Science). Comparative analysis of data was performed by using the Mann-Whitney U-test for two independent samples. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
All odontogenic keratocysts occurred in the mandible that the posterior region and ramus were the most frequent anatomic site with 15 cases (75%), followed by the premolar region with 4 cases (20%). Most ameloblastomas were located in the mandible with 19 cases (95%), of which 15 cases (75%) occurred in the posterior site and ramus. Only one case was in the maxilla molar region (5%). 14 cases of radicular cysts occurred in the maxilla (70%) with the most common site of presentation in the anterior maxilla (45%).
Immunohistochemical findings in the epithelial tumor
island/epithelium of odontogenic keratocysts, radicular
cysts and ameloblastomas
The results are summarized in Figure 1A-C. The Ki-67
immunopositive cells in odontogenic keratocysts were significantly higher than ameloblastomas and radicular
cysts (p<0.043, p<0.001, respectively). Ameloblastomas
showed higher Ki-67 expression than radicular cysts
(p<0,011). Immunopositive cells stained for Ki-67 were
detected in the suprabasal layers of the lining epithelium of
odontogenic keratocysts, especially noticeable in the nuclei
of large cells (Figure 2A). In contrast, the Ki-67 positive
cells were found in the basal layer of the lining epithelium
of radicular cysts (Figure 2B). In ameloblastomas, the Ki-67
expression was observed in the peripheral layer of tumor
islands (Figure 2C).
Bcl-2 expression in the whole thickness of epithelium of odontogenic keratocysts (Figure 3A) was significantly higher than radicular cysts (p<0.001; Figure 3B). Ameloblastomas expressed stronger bcl-2 staining than odontogenic keratocysts and radicular cysts (p<0.17, p<0.001, respectively). Bcl-2 detected mainly in the peripheral layer whereas only a few cells were positively stained in the central layer of epithelial tumor islands in ameloblastomas (Figure 3C). The expression of bax in the epithelium of radicular cysts (Figure 4A) was significantly higher than odontogenic keratocysts and ameloblastomas (p<0.020, p<0.17, respectively). Bax expression did not show any statistically significant difference between odontogenic keratocysts (Figure 4B) and ameloblastomas (Figure 4C). Both of these groups showed weak immunoreactivity for bax.
Immunohistochemical findings in the connective
tissue cells of odontogenic keratocysts, radicular cysts and
ameloblastomas
Reactivities for bax, bcl-2, Ki-67 in the connective tissue
cells of odontogenic keratocysts, radicular cysts and
ameloblastomas were observed. The results are summarized
in Figure 5A-C. Radicular cysts demonstrated higher
number of Ki-67 positive cells than odontogenic keratocysts
and ameloblastomas (p<0.01, p<0.09, respectively). There
was no significant difference in the Ki-67 expression
between connective tissue cells of odontogenic keratocysts
and ameloblastomas. A higher number of bcl-2 was found
in odontogenic keratocysts as compared to radicular
cysts (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in
expression of bcl-2 between odontogenic keratocysts and
ameloblastomas, as well as between radicular cysts and
ameloblastomas. All groups showed weak bax expression
in the connective tissue cells and no significant differences
between groups were observed.
Ki-67 positive cells in the lining epithelium of odontogenic keratocysts were remarkably higher than other two groups. Particularly, Ki-67 positive cells were mostly detected in the suprabasal layers of lining epithelium. These results are consistent with many studies[8,9]. Kuroyanagi et al. reported that high expression of Ki-67 in the basal layer of lining epithelium was seen in recurrent odontogenic keratocysts group[10]. In contrast, non-recurrent odontogenic keratocysts group expressed Ki-67 mostly in suprabasal layers. There are a lot of studies to compare expression of proliferative and apoptosis factors between epithelial components of odontogenic cysts and tumors. Saracoglu et al. compared MIB-1 expression in epithelium of healthy oral mucosa and epithelium of selected odontogenic cysts[11]. Their results confirmed that the highest staining with proliferative markers was found in odontogenic keratocysts.
In our study, positive connective tissue cells for Ki-67 were recognized exclusively in radicular cysts, whereas other two groups expressed very low Ki-67 positive cells in their stroma. These features may suggest that heavy subepithelial chronic inflammation of radicular cysts can stimulate proliferation of fibroblasts and endothelial cells.
The family of bcl-2 proteins biologically constitute one of the most relevant classes of apoptosis-regulatory gene products. Bcl-2 and bax are widely regarded as the most important apoptotic regulators, and their relative levels determine the fate of cells. Bcl-2 protein expression in the mitochondrial outer membrane inhibits cytochrome translocation into the cytosol, which is a critical step in the apoptotic process. On the contrary, bax is a pro-apoptotic antagonist of bcl-2 and has been characterized as a bcl-2 binding protein that shares significant sequence homology with bcl-2. The excess of bcl-2 homodimers favours cell survival, while the excess of bax homodimers favours cell death. Overexpressed bax also counters the death repressor activity of bcl-2[12-14].
In the present study, low expression of bcl-2 was found in the lining epithelium of radicular cysts whereas odontogenic epithelium of odontogenic keratocysts and ameloblastomas showed very strong positive staining for bcl-2. Piattelli et al. evaluated the bcl-2 protein expression in dentigerous cysts, radicular cysts and odontogenic keratocysts[15]. They found that bcl-2 expression were shown in the basal layer of all odontogenic keratocyst cases, on the contrary the other types of cysts showed almost complete negativity for bcl-2. However, bcl-2 expression in radicular cysts was determined in other studies[16,17]. In our study, expression of bcl-2 was found in the whole thickness of the epithelium of odontogenic keratocysts and predominantly in the peripheral cell layer of the tumor island of ameloblastomas. These results were similar to that found by Mitsuyasu et al. and Sandra et al.[18,19]. Bcl-2 positive cells were higher in the stroma cells of odontogenic keratocysts and ameloblastomas than radicular cysts. This could lead to aggressive growth pattern of odontogenic keratocysts and ameloblastomas.
Bax expression was weaker than bcl-2 reactivity in odontogenic keratocysts and ameloblastomas and there was no distinct difference in bax reactivity of these two groups. In lining epithelium of radicular cysts, bax expression was observed very strongly which implies increased apoptotic activity as compared with odontogenic keratocysts. All groups showed almost complete bax negativity in stromal cells.
Our findings indicate that odontogenic keratocysts have much more pro-apoptotic protein than anti-apoptotic protein, considering that bcl-2 was found very higher than bax in all samples of odontogenic keratocysts.
In 2006, Kolàr et al. analysed the expression of some apoptosis and proliferation markers in NBCCS-associated odontogenic keratocysts, sporadic odontogenic keratocysts and other odontogenic cysts[20]. The results of odontogenic keratocysts associated with NBCCS had a different immunophenotype from sporadic odontogenic keratocysts and the results of both types were distinguishable from other odontogenic cysts. Odontogenic keratocyst cases with NBCCS were not included in this study not to confuse the results. Because NBCCS is an autosomal dominant disease, and is known as the patients with NBCCS have the gene mutation which underlies this disease has been mapped to chromosome 9q22.3-q31[7,21].
Vered et al., in 2009, published a study on the expression of PTCH, SMO, GLI-1 and bcl-2 in odontogenic keratocysts, ameloblastomas and other odontogenic cysts[22]. They found that the results of odontogenic keratocysts were similar to ameloblastomas but different from the other odontogenic cysts. The authors suggested that their results supported the notion of odontogenic keratocyst having a neoplastic nature. Bcl-2 results in the study were almost the same comparing with our results.
In conclusion, the results of our study suggest that odontogenic keratocysts have a high proliferative and survival activity, and they might be one of the reasons why odontogenic keratocysts have a high recurrence rate. The proliferation potential of the epithelium and the overexpression of various anti-apoptotic proteins in odontogenic epithelial tumors are quite significant for their clinical behaviour. We have also shown that connective tissue cells were not as important as epithelial cells in the biological behaviour of these odontogenic lesions. High expressions of bcl-2 and Ki-67 in the lining epithelium of odontogenic keratocysts accord with their aggressive clinical behaviour and a high recurrence rate. Although these results support that odontogenic keratocyst is a neoplasm, there are not enough genetic studies. Further studies on genomic changes may help for better understanding of the pathogenesis of odontogenic keratocysts.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The present work was supported by the Research Fund of
Istanbul University. Project No: 2521
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