We present a case of pelvic Müllerianosis with endometriosis, endosalpingiosis and endocervicosis with foci of intestinal metaplasia within the endocervical epithelium, a phenomenon not described in the literature.
The patient underwent total abdominal hysterectomy with clinical and radiological suspicion of uterine leiomyomas and bilateral ovarian tumors. During the operation, a cystic tumor on the left ovary was excised, and a retroperitoneal cystic tumor adherent to the sigmoid wall, with no relation with the uterus or the right ovary was found. Surgeons performed a hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy and resection of the pelvic mass.
Macroscopically, there was a cystic tumor of 10x7x5 cm on the left ovary. The external surface was smooth and whitish, with marked vascularity. The internal surface was granular but with no nodular nor papillary formations. The fallopian tube did not show any macroscopic alteration. On histological examination, the cystic lesion was a mucinous cystadenoma and on the fallopian tube there were foci of mucosal tubal endometriosis.
The right ovary was macroscopically normal and sized 2x1 cm, and in the image it was received attached to the uterus. The uterine wall showed several subserosal and intramural formations. The biggest one was 3 cm in diameter. These tumors were well delineated, round, and on cut surface they were firm, gray-white and whorled. On histological sections these lesions were confirmed as leiomyomas. Foci of adenomyosis were also found on the uterus.
The pelvic tumor was 13x8x3cm in size. It had elastic consistency and the surface was white and smooth. On cut surface its appearance was heterogeneous, alternating cystic cavities of different diameters with aqueous content and solid fibrous areas. The internal surface of the cysts was rough showing zones with papillary formations (Figure 2A). The microscopic examination (Figure 2B) revealed endosalpingeal (Figure 2C), endometrial and endocervical epithelium covering the walls of the cystic cavities. The epithelial cells lining the cysts showed no atypia and no signs of infiltration was observed. The walls of cavities showed muscular hyperplasia. Foci of goblet cells with no cytological atypia were found within the areas of endocervical mucosa (Figure 2D). On immunohistochemical study the distinct müllerian epithelium were positive for CK7 (Figure 2E), estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors, and they were negative for CK20 and CEA. Goblet cells were positive for CK20 (Figure 2F) and CDX2 (Figure 2G), which confirmed these cells as intestinal metaplastic epithelium.
With all findings described, our final diagnosis was Müllerian choristoma (or pelvic Müllerianosis) with endosalpingiosis, endometriosis and endocervicosis with foci of intestinal metaplasia. The patient did not show any important complication after surgery, and at the present time, after 4 months of follow-up she is free of disease.
Over the years, the term «Müllerianosis» has been reviewed several times. First, in 1989, Batt defined Müllerianosis as an organoid structure with the presence of remnants of Müllerian tissue located on pelvic peritoneal cavities (rectovaginal space, posterior broad ligament and pararectal space), accepting for its diagnosis the presence of, at least, one segment of Müllerian-derived epithelium (endometrial, endosalpingeal and/or endocervical tissue)[3].
As Müllerian tissue had been described in different locations such as the urinary bladder[4], the liver, appendix[5], skin[6], paravertebral[7], etc., in 1996, Young and Clement proposed stricter histological criteria, and postulated that Müllerianosis were lesions in any site containing endometriosis, endosalpingiosis and endocervicosis. They proposed that for an accurate diagnosis of Müllerianosis, two or three tissue types should be found[8]. Later in 2007, Batt redefined the term “Müllerianosis” as a choristoma with the presence of Müllerian tissue including one, two or three normal components, in any location[1].
There are 4 Müllerian disorders named as endometriosis, endosalpingiosis, adenomyosis and endocervicosis, and they can be acquired or developmental[9]. It is important to distinguish between developmental and acquired Müllerianosis, due to the fact that both entities are characterized on histological examination by the presence of misplaced normal Müllerian tissue, but their pathogenesis and location in organs is different.
Acquired endometriosis is viewed as endometrial tissue that invades the outer surface of organs. Several theories try to explain the mechanism of endometriosis such as surgery, retrograde menstruations, hematogenous metastasis or coelomic metaplasia, which are some examples[10]. In acquired endosalpingiosis there is endosalpingeal tissue invading the surface of organs. Endometrial glands and stroma invade the myometrium in acquired adenomyosis. Acquired endocervicosis is a rare lesion described after hysterectomy, due to transplantation of endocervical tissue[9].
Developmental Müllerianosis consists of Müllerian tissue misplaced within organs, in any location. It is a structure of embryonic origin, and it is sometimes associated with other malformations or congenital abnormalities. The fact that it has been found in female fetuses, infants, children, adolescents and adults supports the theory that it is a congenital developmental disease[11]. The etiology of this lesion still remains unknown.
According to Batt's criteria[1], developmental Müllerianosis can be diagnosed with certainty when there is no evidence of pelvic endometriosis, there are no direct communications with the endocervix, endometrium or endosalpinx, and there is no history of surgery on the reproductive organs. The diagnosis of a Müllerian choristoma requires both clinical and histological criteria.
In our case, the patient had no history of abdominal surgery, no evidence of pelvic endometriosis and the lesion attached to sigmoid wall (on its serosal surface), without relation to the uterus or ovary. Taking this into account, the pelvic lesion we have described meets Batt's criteria for considering it a developmental Müllerianosis. In our review of the literature we have not found any similar finding. In our case we found foci of intestinal metaplasia within areas of endocervical epithelium that expressed CK20 and CDX2. We do not consider this intestinal epithelium as intestinal contamination since the lesion was related to the serosal surface, with no connection with the intestinal mucosa.
In our case there were no signs of malignancy in the foci of intestinal metaplasia. We consider this finding a consequence of mechanical traction suffered by the tumor, since we could consider it a congenital lesion as the patient did not have previous surgery, and for its location in the pelvic cavity.
Clinically, Müllerian choristomas may be asymptomatic or they can be associated with pelvic pain, infertility, or weakness due to bleeding if they contain endometrium[1]. There are some described cases of Müllerianosis that became malignant, but this is not the rule[12]. Surgical excision is considered curative, with no need of chemotherapy or radiotherapy, and no recurrence is expected. Our case is free of disease after 4 months of follow-up.
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