Material and Method: Our cohort consisted of 17 histologically verified gastric metastasis cases. Clinical, endoscopic and microscopic features were retrospectively analyzed.
Results: The primary sites were the breast, skin, lungs, ovaries, colon, and gluteal soft tissue. Three patients were symptomatic because of the metastatic involvement of the stomach and 9 patients had concomitant metastasis in other sites. Invasive lobular breast carcinoma and malignant melanoma were the most common metastatic malignancies. The most common macroscopic appearance was the diffuse infiltrative type (Borrmann Type 4). Most of the metastatic lesions endoscopically mimicked primary gastric cancer. Furthermore, some of the metastatic lesions, particularly invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast and malignant melanoma, displayed histopathologic features similar to the primary gastric malignancies to a certain extent.
Conclusion: The possibility of metastatic involvement of stomach must be kept in mind while dealing with a gastric mass lesion in a cancer patient, even though the clinical and endoscopic features suggest primary gastric cancer. Our study points out the importance of conveying the information about medical history and clinical findings of the patients for correct pathologic differential diagnosis.
Gastric metastases are associated with advanced stage and poor prognosis; however, the low incidence of this event makes management decisions difficult. The same reason also harbors the risk of misdiagnosis in routine pathology practice.
In our study, we reviewed archive materials of gastric biopsies as well as the clinical and endoscopic findings of gastric metastasis patients. Our aim was to create awareness for this rare event in pathology practice and highlight the entities that need to be taken into consideration for the differential diagnosis.
Table I: Clinicopathologic features of gastric metastasis cases.
Clinical Findings
In our cohort, only three patients were symptomatic
related to the metastatic lesion and required surgical
intervention. One of the metastatic malignant melanoma
patients presented with upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
One of the invasive lobular carcinoma metastases caused
gastric outflow obstruction that needed an emergency
gastrectomy and the colonic adenocarcinoma metastatic to
the stomach caused fistula formation between the pleural
cavity and the stomach.
Invasive lobular carcinoma and malignant melanoma were the two most common malignancies with synchronous metastasis in our cohort. Synchronous metastatic sites for malignant melanoma were the axillary lymph nodes and bowel; for invasive lobular carcinoma they were bone and bowel; for colonic adenocarcinoma it was the liver, and for soft tissue sarcoma it was the heart. Both high-grade serous ovarian adenocarcinoma cases had peritoneal involvement. Peritoneal involvement was not present in the other malignancies in our cohort.
Information about the time period between the diagnosis of the primary tumor and gastric metastasis was available for 9 cases (1 malignant melanoma, 3 invasive lobular carcinomas, 1 SCC, 1 lung adenocarcinoma, 2 high-grade serous adenocarcinomas and 1 soft tissue sarcoma). The longest period was 60 months for two invasive lobular carcinoma and SCC cases. The shortest period was 7 months for malignant melanoma. For the other cases, the values were 36 months for high-grade serous adenocarcinomas, 24 months for lung adenocarcinoma and one invasive lobular carcinoma, and 12 months for soft tissue sarcoma.
Endoscopic Findings
The endoscopic findings of 14 patients out of 17 were
obtained from the medical records. Two melanoma cases
had multiple stomach lesions (Figure 1A,B) whereas the
lesions in the other cases were solitary at the time of the
diagnosis.
As we evaluated the distribution of the lesions, the lung SCC metastasis was located at the cardia; the colorectal carcinoma metastasis was located at the fundus; metastases of three melanomas, two invasive lobular carcinomas, one lung adenocarcinoma and sarcoma were located at the corpus and those of one melanoma, one serous ovarian carcinoma, and three invasive lobular carcinomas were located at the antrum (Table I) (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Anatomic distribution of gastric metastases
We detected that the endoscopic features resembled primary gastric carcinoma in all cases. Four cases (28%) (one melanoma, one colorectal carcinoma, one lung SCC, and one sarcoma) presented as polypoid masses that fit into the Borrmann type 1 category. Three (21%) of the lesions (2 melanomas and 1 invasive lobular carcinoma) were well-defined ulcerative lesions that fit into the Borrmann type 2 category. Two (14%) of the lesions (1 melanoma and 1 serous ovarian carcinoma) were ulcerative lesions with infiltrating margins that fit into the Borrmann type 3 category. Five cases (35%) (4 invasive lobular carcinomas and 1 lung adenocarcinoma) had a diffuse infiltrating appearance that fit into the Borrmann type 4 category (Table I) (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Macroscopic appearance of gastric metastases according to the Borrmann Classification
Histopathological Findings
Among the malignant melanoma cases, only one displayed
prominent melanin pigment in neoplastic cells. The
remaining four melanoma cases appeared as amelanotic.
Four cases showed diffuse/interstitial growth pattern.
Nested and pseudoglandular appearance was observed in
only one. Nuclear pleomorphism was detected in all cases.
Bizarre cells and rhabdoid morphology were observed in
one case, prominent nucleoli in four, and intranuclear
pseudoinclusions in two cases. All cases were positive for
S100 protein, melan-A and HMB-45 (Figure 4A-F).
Metastases of epithelial malignancies displayed morphologic and immunohistochemical features similar to their primary tumors.
All invasive lobular carcinoma metastases displayed similar morphologic features (i.e. tumor cells appearing as single cells or forming cords). Intracytoplasmic lumen formation was detected in all cases. Three cases had prominent eosinophilic secretory material in the cytoplasm of tumor cells and other three cases had mucoid PAS positive material within the intracytoplasmic lumina (Figure 5A-F).
Squamous cell carcinoma metastasis showed no keratinization and displayed poorly differentiated areas.
The lung adenocarcinoma metastasis was composed of solid groups of tumor cells without any glandular formations and displayed cytokeratin 7 and thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) immunopositivity.
The colorectal adenocarcinoma metastasis showed the usual colorectal adenocarcinoma morphology with glands composed of columnar cells and necrotic debris in the glandular lumina. Tumor cells were cytokeratin 7 negative but cytokeratin 20, CDX2, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) positive.
Both ovarian serous carcinoma cases were of the highgrade type.
In the metastatic sarcoma case, the primary tumor that had been in the gluteal region was composed of pleomorphic spindle cells devoid of any particular histologic pattern, and thorough immunohistochemical evaluation showed no particular line of differentiation. Its gastric metastasis had spindle cells in a myxoid background and was more hypocellular than its primary.
As we stated previously, gastric metastasis is a late event and associated with an advanced stage [1]. In our cohort, 9 patients had biopsy-proven metastases other than in the stomach. Although we do not have the data for all cases, the time period between the first diagnosis of the primary tumor and the gastric metastasis was longest for SCC and invasive lobular carcinoma cases and shortest for malignant melanoma cases. This feature can be attributed to the overall aggressiveness of the mentioned neoplasm.
We encountered solitary gastric metastatic lesions more commonly than multiple lesions. This finding correlates with another study in the literature [2]. Macroscopic appearance of the lesions was similar to the primary gastric tumors. Lobular carcinoma metastasis in particular seems to have a tendency to create the linitis plastica appearance. Four out of 6 lobular carcinoma metastases displayed an endoscopic appearance mimicking the diffuse infiltrative type of primary gastric carcinoma. This feature was shared with the lung adenocarcinoma metastasis as well. Other metastatic masses showed various endoscopic appearances and a polypoid mass lesion seemed the most common one. Although the exact relationship between tumor biology and macroscopic appearance of metastatic masses is not fully understood, the discohesive nature of the lobular carcinoma cells can be pointed out as the reason for diffuse infiltrative growth pattern in metastatic site [6]. As the metastatic masses are more commonly presented as solitary mass lesions that resemble any of the Borrmann types of primary gastric adenocarcinoma, it is sometimes difficult to differentiate a metastatic gastric mass from a primary gastric malignancy endoscopically. The endoscopist, as well as the pathologist, should be well aware of the possibility of metastases to the stomach - although rare - while dealing with a cancer patient with a gastric mass.
Theoretically, any tumor might metastasize to the stomach. Malignant melanoma, invasive lobular breast carcinoma and lung carcinomas are the most commonly reported primaries as stated before [2,3,6]. However, gastric metastatic tumors originating from the kidney, pancreas, esophagus, skin, testis, cervix, and colon have also been reported [1,2,8].
Invasive lobular carcinoma deserve special attention because of both the macroscopic and microscopic pathological findings, which are sometimes indistinguishable from those of primary gastric carcinoma [9-13]. The clinical history plays an important role in differentiating between primary and metastatic masses. However, there are cases that the metastatic lesion was diagnosed before the primary [14]. An immunohistochemical panel consisting of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), gross cystic disease fluid protein (GCDFP-15), mammoglobin, and GATA3 can be useful in differentiating invasive lobular breast carcinoma [15-19]. However, one should be well aware of the fact that weak ER positivity does not rule out gastric adenocarcinoma [20,21]. Yokozaki et al. detected that immunexpression of ER was a more frequent finding in poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma than that of its well differentiated counterpart and immunoreactivity was not sex-related [21]. However, ER was found to be negative in all gastric adenocarcinomas in a European study [22]. Because of the morphologic similarities between primary diffuse type gastric carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast, the possibility of a metastatic breast carcinoma - although low - must be kept in mind for the differential diagnosis.
Malignant melanoma has diverse morphologic appearances. We found that the tumor cells in all melanoma cases had marked nuclear pleomorphism and prominent nucleoli. Clinical history plays an important role in diagnosing metastatic malignant melanoma in the stomach but the possibility of an occult melanoma or total regression of primary lesion must be kept in mind. Melanomas can be separated from gastric carcinomas by their S100 protein expression staining coupled with their lack of keratin immunoreactivity. More specific melanoma markers such as Melan-A, HMB-45, SRY-related HMG-box 10 (SOX-10), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MiTF) and tyrosinase, should be used together with S100 protein for accurate differential diagnosis. As melanomas can also be immunoreactive to c-kit/CD117 antibodies, a panel approach is warranted to exclude epitheloid gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Melan-A can be positive on GISTs as well [23].
About 31-38% of ovarian cancer patients develop distant metastasis during the course of the disease [24,25]. The most common ovarian adenocarcinoma subtype metastatic to the stomach is serous adenocarcinoma [26]. Because of its tendency to spread through peritoneal surfaces, gastric metastasis of ovarian serous adenocarcinoma without peritoneal involvement is extremely rare [24-26]. Both of our metastatic ovarian carcinoma cases were serous adenocarcinomas and had gastric peritoneal surface involvement.
There are occasional reports of primary gastric undifferentiated sarcomas [27]. However, metastatic sarcomas in the stomach are extremely rare [28-30]. In our literature review, we found 28 cases of sarcoma metastasis to stomach between 1983 and 2016 in the Pubmed database (Table II). We revealed that the primary site was the lower extremity in 11 out of 28 cases; however, the location of the primary had no impact on the prediction of gastric metastatic potential when all 28 metastatic sarcoma cases were taken into account. The primary lesion was located at the right gluteal area in our only metastatic sarcoma case. When we look at the distribution of the metastatic lesions in our literature review, 12 of the metastatic lesions were located at the curvatures of the stomach (1 lesser and 11 greater). Akatsu et al. suggests that this distribution seems to reflect the tendency of hematogenous spread of sarcomas occurs through the gastroduodenal or gastroepiploic vessels [31]. The metastatic gastric lesion in our sarcoma case was located in the lesser curvature at the cardia-corpus junction.
Table II: Literature review of metastatic sarcoma cases.
As we stated previously, information about the clinical history of the patient is crucial in the differential diagnosis. None of the morphologic features in our cohort was pathognomonic except those of the pigmented melanoma case. All other cases can easily be misdiagnosed as poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma without the clinical information. This problem becomes more apparent for invasive lobular breast carcinoma cases because of their almost identical morphologic features with poorly cohesive gastric carcinoma.
In this study we highlighted the similarities of primary gastric cancer and metastatic malignancies to the stomach in endoscopic biopsies. There are other studies with similar or larger cohorts, including autopsy series, in the literature [2,8,58,59]. These studies mainly focus on epidemiological, endoscopic and macroscopic aspects of the metastatic lesions of the stomach without going into the details of the microscopic features of the cases. In this study, we analyzed the histologic features of the metastases and potential microscopic pitfalls in the differential diagnosis as well as the endoscopic and macroscopic findings.
Despite its low prevalence, the possibility of gastric metastasis must be kept in mind for gastric masses with unusual macroscopic and microscopic features. Our study also points out the importance of the clinical history and clinical information in the decision-making process of pathological differential diagnosis.
CONFLICT of INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
FUNDING
None
AUTHORSHIP CONTRIBUTIONS
Concept: AYA, MG, Design: AYA, MG, Data collection
or processing: AYA, İÖ, AFKG, BÇ, EA, SV, Analysis or
Interpretation: AYA, MB, MG, Literature search: AYA, MB,
Writing: AYA, MG, Approval: MG, SV.
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